#Iridium metal hardness series

The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact High = substitution not possible or very difficult. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earth’s crust. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems.ĭata for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey.Īn integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average.Ītoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.ĭensity is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm 3 at room temperature. The temperature at which the liquid–gas phase change occurs.

The temperature at which the solid–liquid phase change occurs. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f).

The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right.Įlements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell.Ī horizontal row in the periodic table. Based on these results, it appears that the anticancer efficacy of these complexes was predominantly attributed to the redox mechanism.A vertical column in the periodic table. Additionally, the complexes were observed to induce late apoptosis and perturb the cell cycle in the G 2/M or S phase in A549 cells. The study revealed that these complexes could target mitochondria, cause depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and trigger the production of intracellular ROS. The charge pattern of the metal center (neutral or cationic) and ligand substituents showed little influence on the cytotoxicity and selectivity of these complexes. Unfortunately, these complexes had a low selectivity (selectivity index: 1.62–1.98) towards A549 cells and BEAS-2B normal cells. The complexes demonstrated promising cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549 cells, cisplatin-resistant lung cancer A549/DDP cells, cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells, with IC 50 values ranging from 9.98 to 19.63 μM.

They were stable in aqueous media, displayed moderate fluorescence and exhibited affinity toward bovine serum albumin (BSA). The cyclometalated iridium( III) complexes were identified by various techniques.

#Iridium metal hardness series

We herein synthesized a series of neutral and cationic amine–imine cyclometalated iridium( III) complexes using Schiff base ligands with sp 2-N/sp 3-N N^NH 2 chelating donors. Most platinum group-based cyclometalated neutral and cationic anticancer complexes with the general formula 0/+ (neutral complex: XY = bidentate anionic ligand cationic complex: XY = bidentate neutral ligand) are notable owing to their intrinsic luminescence properties, good cell permeability, interaction with some biomolecular targets and unique mechanisms of action (MoAs).